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Structure of Materials

#工程材料學#課程筆記95
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The basic concepts of crystals and non-crystals are discussed in this text. Crystals are substances with a regular arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space, such as metals and table salt. They have ordered structures, anisotropy, and a fixed melting point. Non-crystals, on the other hand, have disordered atomic arrangements, like ordinary glass and rosin. They have unordered structures, isotropy, and no fixed melting point. The text also covers crystallography basics, including crystal lattice, crystal structure description, and crystal cell.

Basic Concepts of Crystals#

Crystals and Amorphous Materials#

Crystals#

Crystals are substances with a regular arrangement of atoms in three-dimensional space.

For example, all metals, table salt, etc.

Characteristics of Crystals#

  1. Ordered structure

  2. Anisotropy

  3. Fixed melting point

Amorphous Materials#

Amorphous materials have a disordered arrangement of atoms.

For example, ordinary glass, resin, etc.

Characteristics of Amorphous Materials#

  1. Disordered structure

  2. Isotropy

  3. No fixed melting point

  4. Low thermal conductivity and thermal expansion

  5. High plastic deformation

  6. Large range of changes

Basic Knowledge of Crystallography#

Lattice#

A geometric framework used to describe the regular arrangement of atoms in a crystal.

Description of Crystal Structure#

  1. View atoms in a crystal as rigid small spheres

  2. Abstract atoms as geometric points

  3. Connect imaginary lines with geometric points

Unit Cell#

The smallest geometric unit that makes up a lattice.

By translating the unit cell in three-dimensional space, the lattice can be reconstructed.

Lattice Constant#

The geometric dimensions of the unit cell, also known as the lattice constant.

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